OI and IR are genetic diversity metrics intended to inform breeding decisions at the population level. They do not diagnose disease, predict individual health outcomes, or substitute for breed-required health testing or veterinary guidance. Conformation, temperament, longevity, and health history all belong in this decision.

Amos, W. et al. (2001). The influence of parental relatedness on reproductive success. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 268, 2021–2027. [IR formula]  ·  Wang, J. (2002). An estimator for pairwise relatedness using molecular markers. Genetics, 160, 1203–1215. [GR formula]  ·  Pedersen, N.C. et al. (2015). The effect of genetic bottlenecks and inbreeding on the incidence of two major autoimmune diseases in standard poodles. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology, 2, 14.

Extremely biddable, high drive, needs to work/train multiple hours a day. Highly motivated by praise/toys/food and has a strong work ethic, doesn't get distracted or deterred. No prey drive towards animals, but strong retrieve drive especially of any moving object (autmatic retrieve, will go all day long on land or water). Not reactive or distracted by anything, off-leash just as reliable as on. Fearful of being cornered by strangers, but curious to meet when encouraged to approach (no aggressio

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